Технологическая карта выращивания tomato в почве

1. Sowing seeds for seedlings and emergence

Длительность этапа:7 дней

* Preparation of sowing containers. Wash and disinfect sowing cassettes, boxes, or pots with drainage holes.
* Preparation of substrate. The substrate for seedlings should be light, moisture- and air-permeable, with neutral or slightly acidic reaction (pH 6.0-6.5). Composition: peat (highland peat of fractions 6-15 mm), perlite or vermiculite (up to 10% of substrate volume), sand (10–15%), compost or manure to improve structure and provide organic matter (20–30%).
* Application of lime materials. To correct acidity, dolomite flour 3–5 kg/m³ of soil or limestone flour at a rate of 2.5–4 kg/m³ is added.
* Application of mineral fertilizers. To provide for seedling nutrition at an early stage, mineral fertilizers are applied. Approximate fertilization per m³ of soil: ammonium nitrate 0.7-1.3 kg, double superphosphate 2.5-4.0 kg, potassium sulfate 1.0-1.5 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3 kg, manganese sulfate 2.5 g, copper sulfate 3 g, zinc sulfate 1 g, iron sulfate 15, iron citrate 2.5 g, ammonium molybdate 3 g, boric acid 2 g.
* Sowing seeds. Seeds are sown at a depth of approximately 0.5-1 cm. Seeds are then topped with a thin layer of light porous material (perlite, peat, vermiculite). After sowing, the substrate is moistened and placed in a germination chamber or covered with nonwoven material.

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2. Reducing the temperature after emergence

Длительность этапа:5 дней

* Lowering the temperature. After seedlings have emerged, the film is removed and the temperature is lowered for 3-5 days to ensure active root development and avoid stretching of the seedlings.
* Supplementing seedlings with light. For the first 2-3 days, the plants are illuminated around the clock, then gradually reducing this time to 18-16 hours per day. The lighting power is 240 W/m².

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3. Picking and care for seedlings

Длительность этапа:50 дней

* Watering. Watering is done moderately, with an interval of 2 to 5 days. Watering should be stopped at least one day before planting seedlings in the permanent place.
* Picking. Picking is carried out 10-15 days after sowing, when the seedlings have 1-2 true leaves. Plants are transplanted into pots with peat mixture, simultaneously discarding weak plants. The optimal pot volume for seedlings is 0.5-1.0 l. After picking, the lighting power is 120-240 W/m².
* Application of fertilizers. After picking, fertilization is recommended with each watering. Example of nutrient solution (per 1000 l): calcium nitrate 500-900 g, monopotassium phosphate 200-400 g, potassium nitrate 200-600 g, magnesium nitrate 300-500 g, magnesium sulfate 200-400 g, iron chelate 15 g, boric acid 2 g, manganese sulfate 1.5 g, zinc sulfate 1 g.
* Placement of seedlings. 18-20 days after picking, the seedlings are arranged to achieve optimal lighting. The density of 5-week-old seedlings is 20 plants/m², for 6-week-old - 16 plants/m², for 7-week-old - 14 plants/m². The lighting power is 100-120 W/m².

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4. Transplanting seedlings in the greenhouse and rooting

Длительность этапа:14 дней

* Preparation and disinfection of the soil. The soil is treated with a solution of biofungicide 3–5 days before transplanting seedlings. Biological control agents include Trichoderma, Bacillus subtilis, and others that enrich soil microbial flora and block harmful pathogens.
* Planting seedlings. The transplantation of tomato seedlings in the greenhouse is done when the plants are 45-50 days old. The root system should be white and cover the entire pot, when removed the substrate should not crumble. The distance between plants in the row is 40-45 cm, and between rows is 80 cm. In paired rows: in the row 40-45 cm, between two rows - 60 cm, between paired rows - 110 cm. Seedlings are planted in a checkerboard pattern. The optimal planting density for indeterminate tomatoes is 2.2-3.0 plants/m². For determinate tomatoes, the planting density is 2.5 plants/m² in glass-covered greenhouses, and 3-3.5 plants/m² in film greenhouses.
* Tying. 2-3 days after transplanting, seedlings are tied to the trellis.
* Watering. Watering is carried out regularly, avoiding overmoistening.
* Plant formation. Indeterminate tomatoes are formed into one stem, while determinate ones are formed into two stems. To do this, suckers are removed twice a week (suckering), when they reach 2-5 cm (no more than 5-7 cm). Suckering is usually done in the morning, suckers are removed at the base. Pinching the tops of plants is best done in the afternoon when the plants lose turgor and the chance of breaking the plants decreases.
* Application of fertilizers. After transplanting, feeding with a nutrient solution is conducted. Example of nutrient solution (per 1000 l): magnesium nitrate 0.5 kg, ammonium nitrate 1.0 kg, monopotassium phosphate 1.5 kg and a complex of micronutrients.

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5. Flowering, fruit set, and ripening

Длительность этапа:55 дней

* Watering. Watering should be done regularly, avoiding overmoistening.
* Application of fertilizers. Along with watering 2-4 times a week. Example of nutrient solution (per 1000 l): calcium nitrate 0.7-1.2 kg, potassium nitrate 0.4-0.6 kg, ammonium nitrate 0.1 kg, monopotassium phosphate 0.2-0.3 kg, potassium sulfate 0.1-0.2 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3-0.6 kg, iron chelate 20 g, boric acid 10 g, manganese sulfate 5 g, zinc sulfate 5 g, ammonium molybdate 1 g.
* Plant formation. Every week, remove suckers, leaves, and pinch tops. No more than 2-3 leaves should be removed at one time. Leaves must be removed completely, leaving no "stumps" on the plant.
* Foliar feeding. Foliar feeding with magnesium sulfate (1.5–2 g/l). To prevent the occurrence of blossom end rot on the fruits, foliar feeding with calcium nitrate (10-20 g/l of water) is used.
* Installation of adhesive traps. Traps with yellow, blue, and black surfaces coated with special entomological glue are used. Replacing traps is done as necessary (once every 5-8 weeks).

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6. Fruit-bearing

Длительность этапа:60 дней

* Watering. Watering should be even to prevent fruit cracking.
* Application of fertilizers. Along with watering 2-4 times a week. Example of nutrient solution (per 1000 l): calcium nitrate 0.7-1.0 kg, potassium nitrate 0.3-0.4 kg, ammonium nitrate 0.1 kg, monopotassium phosphate 0.2-0.3 kg, potassium sulfate 0.2-0.3 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3-0.6 kg, iron chelate 20 g, boric acid 10 g, manganese sulfate 5 g, zinc sulfate 5 g, ammonium molybdate 1 g.
* Plant formation. Twice a week, sucker removal, leaf removal, and pinching of the tops are performed.
* Topping. Indeterminate tomatoes are topped 40-50 days before crop termination. At this time, 2 leaves should be left above the top cluster to maintain the sap flow upwards.
* Harvesting fruits. Fruits are harvested in their blanched ripeness to improve conditions for the formation and ripening of remaining fruits. Tomatoes are harvested regularly (3-4 times a week) to prevent over-ripening and stimulate the formation of new buds.

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7. Preparation of the greenhouse for a new cycle

Длительность этапа:14 дней

* Cleaning the greenhouse. Removal of all plant debris (leaves, stems, roots) to prevent the spread of diseases.
* Disinfection of the greenhouse. Disinfection of greenhouse surfaces using safe disinfectant solutions aimed at destroying pathogens and pests.
* Cleaning and disinfection of equipment. Washing and disinfecting all tools, shelves, containers, and tools used in growing.
* Checking and adjusting the heating and ventilation systems.
* Checking and servicing the lighting system.
* Checking drippers and irrigation systems. Cleaning water supply systems, drippers, and hoses to prevent clogging and infections.
* Preparation and disinfection of the soil. Sterilization (steaming or chemical treatment) is performed to destroy pathogens and pests.
* Application of lime materials. To raise the pH, lime materials such as ground limestone (calcite), dolomite flour (especially if magnesium is needed), chalk or hydrated lime are used. Basic materials for acidifying the soil include elemental sulfur, ammonium sulfate, and iron sulfate.
* Application of mineral fertilizers. Before applying fertilizers, a soil analysis is performed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient content. After fertilization, the fertilizer is mixed into the soil to a depth of 20–30 cm.

8. Storage after harvest

Длительность этапа:14 дней

Tomatoes should be stored in a cool place with good ventilation. The optimal storage temperature is from +10°C to +13°C.

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