Технологическая карта выращивания tomato в торфе

1. Seed sowing for seedlings and germination

Длительность этапа:7 дней

* Preparation of sowing containers. Wash and disinfect sowing trays, boxes, or pots with drainage holes.
* Preparation of substrate. The substrate for seedlings should be light, moisture- and air-permeable, with neutral or slightly acidic pH. Composition: peat (high-moor peat fraction 6-15 mm), perlite or vermiculite (up to 10% of the substrate volume), sand (10–15%), compost or humus to improve structure and provide organic matter (20–30%).
* Application of lime materials. To correct acidity, dolomite flour 4–6 kg/m³ of soil or limestone flour at a rate of 2.5–4 kg/m³ is applied.
* Application of mineral fertilizers. To ensure nutrition for seedlings at the initial stage, mineral fertilizers are applied. Approximate filling per 1 m³ of soil: ammonium nitrate 0.7-1.3 kg, double superphosphate 1.5-2 kg, potassium sulfate 1.0-1.5 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3 kg, manganese sulfate 2.5 g, copper sulfate 3 g, zinc sulfate 1 g, iron sulfate 15 g, iron citrate 2.5 g, ammonium molybdate 3 g, boric acid 2 g.
* Sowing seeds. Seeds are sown to a depth of about 0.5-1 cm. Seeds are covered with a thin layer of lightweight porous material (perlite, peat, vermiculite). After sowing, the substrate is moistened and placed in a germination chamber or covered with nonwoven material.

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2. Reducing temperature after germination

Длительность этапа:3 дня

* Reducing temperature. After the seedlings appear, the film is removed and the temperature is lowered to ensure active root development and avoid elongation of seedlings.
* Additional lighting for seedlings. For the first 2-3 days, lighting is continuous. Light intensity is 240 W/m².

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3. Picking and caring for seedlings

Длительность этапа:40 дней

* Additional lighting for seedlings. Duration of lighting before picking is 18 hours/day. Light intensity is 240 W/m².
* Watering. Watering with nutrient solution is done at intervals of 2 to 3 days.
* Picking. Picking takes place 12-14 days after sowing, when seedlings have 1-2 true leaves. Plants are picked into cups with peat mix, simultaneously discarding weak plants. The optimal cup size for seedlings is 0.5-1.0 liters. After picking, light intensity is 120-240 W/m².
* Arrangement of seedlings. After 18-20 days post-picking, seedlings are rearranged to achieve optimal lighting. The density of 5-week old seedlings is 20 plants/m², for 6-week old - 16 plants/m², for 7-week old - 14 plants/m². Light intensity is 100-120 W/m².

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4. Transplanting seedlings into the greenhouse and rooting

Длительность этапа:14 дней

* Preparation of peat soil. Peat substrate with pH 5.5–6.5, fraction 6–15 mm and decomposition degree no more than 15% is used. If necessary, add agroperlite to improve aeration and moisture retention.
* Application of fertilizers. To enrich peat with minerals, dry fertilizers or nutrient solutions are applied directly in the greenhouses through a drip irrigation system. Solution dose is 4-8 liters/m² depending on peat moisture, EC 3.0-3.5 mS/cm, pH 5.5-5.7.
* Preparation of bags or containers. Bags are filled with peat substrate to 2/3 of the volume. The substrate consumption is 7–10 liters of peat per plant.
* Transplanting seedlings. Plants are transplanted into prepared peat mats or bags. The ideal planting depth for tomatoes is approximately 1/3 of the seedling stem length. Planting density for indeterminate hybrids is 2-2.8 plants/m², semi-determinate hybrids are planted at 3.6–4.2 plants/m². After transplanting, seedlings are tied to trellis.
* Watering. Nutrient solution is supplied through drip irrigation.
* Plant formation. Indeterminate tomatoes are formed into one stem. For this, suckers (side shoots) are removed twice a week when they reach 2-5 cm (not more than 5-7 cm). Suckering is usually done in the morning, suckers are removed to the base. Tying the tops of plants is best done in the afternoon when plants lose turgor and the likelihood of breaking the plants decreases.

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5. Flowering, fruit setting, and beginning of ripening

Длительность этапа:55 дней

* Watering. Nutrient solution is supplied through drip irrigation.
* Plant formation. Suckers, leaves removal, and tying the tops are performed twice a week. You can leave from 13 to 18 leaves on the plant in spring and 18-20 in summer. No more than 2-3 leaves should be removed at a time. Leaves must be removed completely, without leaving stubs on the plant.
* Foliar feeding. Foliar feeding with magnesium sulfate (1.5–2 g/l). To prevent blossom end rot on fruits, foliar feeding with calcium nitrate (10-20 g/l of water) is applied.
* Monitoring and pesticide treatment. Use traps with yellow, blue, and black surfaces coated with special entomological glue. Traps are replaced as needed (once every 5-8 weeks). A combination of chemical and biological protection methods reduces resistance of pests and pathogens.

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6. Fruiting

Длительность этапа:60 дней

* Watering. Nutrient solution is supplied through drip irrigation.
* Harvesting fruits. Fruits are harvested at the blanching stage to improve conditions for forming and ripening remaining fruits. Tomato harvesting should be done regularly (3-4 times a week) to prevent over-ripening and stimulate the formation of new set.

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7. Preparing the greenhouse for a new growing cycle

Длительность этапа:14 дней

* Cleaning the greenhouse. Removal of all plant residues (leaves, stems, roots) to prevent the spread of diseases.
* Disinfection of the greenhouse. Disinfecting surfaces of the greenhouse using safe disinfecting solutions aimed at destroying pathogens and pests.
* Cleaning and disinfection of equipment. Washing and disinfecting all tools, racks, containers, and instruments used in cultivation.
* Checking and adjusting the heating and ventilation system.
* Checking and maintaining the lighting system.
* Checking drippers and irrigation systems. Cleaning water supply systems, drippers, and hoses to prevent clogging and infections.

8. Storage after harvesting

Длительность этапа:14 дней

Tomatoes should be stored in a cool place with good ventilation. The optimal storage temperature is from +10°C to +13°C.

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