Технологическая карта выращивания tomato asia в почве

1. Sowing seeds for seedlings and germination

Длительность этапа:5 дней

* Preparation of sowing containers. Wash and disinfect sowing trays, boxes or pots with drainage holes.
* Preparing the substrate. The substrate for seedlings should be light, moisture- and air-permeable, with a neutral or slightly acidic environment. Composition: peat (top peat fraction 6-15 mm), perlite or vermiculite (up to 10% of the substrate volume), sand (10-15%), compost or humus to improve structure and provide organic matter (20-30%).
* Application of liming materials. To correct acidity, dolomite flour is applied at 3-5 kg/m³ of soil or limestone flour at a rate of 2.5-4 kg/m³.
* Application of mineral fertilizers. For providing nutrition at the initial stage, mineral fertilizers are applied. Example of fertilization for 1 m³ of soil: ammonium nitrate 0.7-1.3 kg, double superphosphate 2.5-4.0 kg, potassium sulfate 1.0-1.5 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3 kg, manganese sulfate 2.5 g, copper sulfate 3 g, zinc sulfate 1 g, iron sulfate 15, iron citrate 2.5 g, ammonium molybdate 3 g, boric acid 2 g.
* Sowing seeds. Seeds are sown at a depth of about 0.5-1 cm. The seeds are covered with a thin layer of light porous material (perlite, peat, vermiculite). After sowing, the soil is moistened and placed in a germination chamber or covered with nonwoven material.

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2. Lowering temperature after germination

Длительность этапа:5 дней

* Lowering temperature. After the seedlings appear, the film is removed and the temperature is lowered for 3-5 days to ensure active root development and avoid stretching of seedlings.
* Backlighting of seedlings. For the first 2-3 days, the plants are lit around the clock, then gradually reducing this time to 18-16 hours per day. Lighting power is 240 W/m².

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3. Picking and caring for seedlings

Длительность этапа:40 дней

* Watering. Watering is done moderately, with an interval of 2 to 5 days. Watering should be stopped at least one day before transplanting the seedlings into a permanent location.
* Picking. Picking is carried out 10-15 days after sowing, when the seedlings have 1-2 true leaves. Plants are picked into pots with peat mixture while culling weak plants. The optimal volume of the pot for seedlings is 0.5-1.0 l. After picking, the lighting intensity is set at 120-240 W/m².
* Application of fertilizers. After picking, fertilization is recommended with every watering. Example of nutrient solution (per 1000 l): calcium nitrate 500-900 g, mono-potassium phosphate 200-400 g, potassium nitrate 200-600 g, magnesium nitrate 300-500 g, magnesium sulfate 200-400 g, chelated iron 15 g, boric acid 2 g, manganese sulfate 1.5 g, zinc sulfate 1 g.
* Arranging seedlings. After 18-20 days of picking, seedlings are arranged to achieve optimal lighting. The density of arrangement for 5-week-old seedlings is 20 plants/m²; for 6-week-old - 16 plants/m². Lighting power is 100-120 W/m².

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4. Transplanting seedlings into the greenhouse and rooting

Длительность этапа:5 дней

* Marking and forming beds. The beds are formed about 60-90 cm wide with row spacing of 50 to 70 cm for ease of care and air circulation.
* Preparing and disinfecting soil. The soil is watered with a biocontrol agent solution 3–5 days before transplanting seedlings. Biological control agents include Trichoderma, Bacillus subtilis and others, which enrich the beneficial soil microflora and block harmful pathogens.
* Transplanting seedlings. Tomato seedlings are transplanted into the greenhouse when the plants reach 45-50 days of age and have 8-10 true leaves. The root system should be white and envelop the entire pot, and upon extraction the substrate should not crumble. The optimal planting density is 1.8-2.5 plants/m².
* Tying up. 2-3 days after transplanting, the seedlings are tied to a trellis.
* Watering. Watering is done regularly, avoiding waterlogging.
* Plant formation. Indeterminate varieties are formed into one stem. To do this, suckers are removed twice a week when they reach 2-5 cm (no more than 5-7 cm). Suckering is usually done in the morning, with suckers removed to the base. Twisting the tops of plants is best performed in the afternoon when plants lose turgor and the likelihood of breaking plants decreases.
* Application of fertilizers. After transplanting, seedlings are watered with nutrient solution. Example of nutrient solution (per 1000 l): magnesium nitrate 0.5 kg, ammonium nitrate 1.0 kg, mono-potassium phosphate 1.5 kg and a complex of micronutrients.

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5. Flowering, fruit setting and ripening

Длительность этапа:45 дней

* Watering. Watering is done regularly, avoiding waterlogging.
* Application of fertilizers. Concurrent with watering 2-4 times a week. Example of nutrient solution (per 1000 l): calcium nitrate 0.7-1.2 kg, potassium nitrate 0.4-0.6 kg, ammonium nitrate 0.1 kg, mono-potassium phosphate 0.2-0.3 kg, potassium sulfate 0.1-0.2 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3-0.6 kg, chelated iron 20 g, boric acid 10 g, manganese sulfate 5 g, zinc sulfate 5 g, ammonium molybdate 1 g.
* Plant formation. Plant formation includes removal of suckers and lower leaves. Forming plants into one stem with the removal of side shoots allows for the production of high-quality products with a high yield of fruits. When growing tomatoes with seedling on the plant, it is permissible to leave 13-15 (up to 18) leaves in spring and 18-20 in summer. In one session, it is necessary to remove no more than 2-3 leaves. Leaves must be removed weekly, preferably in sunny, dry weather. Twisting the tops of the plants should also be done weekly, clockwise.
* Foliar feeding. Foliar feeding with magnesium sulfate (1.5-2 g/l). To prevent the occurrence of blossom end rot on fruits, nutrient solutions with calcium nitrate (10-20 g/l of water) are applied to leaves.
* Installation of adhesive traps. Traps with yellow, blue, and black surfaces coated with special entomological glue are used. Traps are replaced as needed (once every 5-8 weeks).

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6. Fruit bearing

Длительность этапа:60 дней

* Watering. Watering should be uniform to prevent fruit cracking.
* Application of fertilizers. Concurrent with watering 2-4 times a week. Example of nutrient solution (per 1000 l): calcium nitrate 0.7-1.0 kg, potassium nitrate 0.3-0.4 kg, ammonium nitrate 0.1 kg, mono-potassium phosphate 0.2-0.3 kg, potassium sulfate 0.2-0.3 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3-0.6 kg, chelated iron 20 g, boric acid 10 g, manganese sulfate 5 g, zinc sulfate 5 g, ammonium molybdate 1 g.
* Pinching tops. Pinch the tops of tomatoes 50-55 days before harvesting the crop. Tops are pinched, keeping one leaf above the upper inflorescence.
* Plant formation. Suckers are removed twice a week, leaves are removed, and tops are twisted.
* Harvesting fruits. Fruits are harvested at the breaking stage to improve conditions for the formation and ripening of remaining fruits. Tomatoes should be harvested regularly to prevent overripening of fruits and stimulate the formation of new flowers.

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7. Preparation of the greenhouse for a new growing cycle

Длительность этапа:14 дней

* Cleaning the greenhouse. Remove all plant remnants (leaves, stems, roots) to prevent the spread of diseases.
* Disinfection of the greenhouse. Disinfect surfaces of the greenhouse using safe disinfecting solutions designed to destroy pathogens and pests.
* Cleaning and disinfection of equipment. Wash and disinfect all tools, racks, containers, and tools used for cultivation.
* Checking and adjusting the heating and ventilation systems.
* Checking and servicing the lighting system.
* Checking drippers and irrigation systems. Clean water supply systems, drippers, and hoses to prevent blockages and infections.
* Preparing and disinfecting the soil. Sterilization (steaming or chemical treatment) is carried out to destroy pathogens and pests.
* Application of liming materials. To increase pH, liming materials such as ground limestone (calcite), dolomite flour (especially if magnesium is needed), chalk or hydrated lime are used. Essential materials for soil acidification include elemental sulfur, ammonium sulfate, and iron sulfate.

8. Storage after harvest

Длительность этапа:14 дней

Tomatoes should be stored in a cool place with good ventilation. The optimal storage temperature is from +10°C to +13°C.

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