Технологическая карта выращивания tomato burana в почве

1. Sowing seeds for seedlings and germination

Длительность этапа:7 дней

* Preparing sowing containers. Wash and disinfect seed trays, boxes, or pots with drainage holes.
* Preparing substrate. The substrate for seedlings should be light, moisture- and air-permeable, with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction. Composition: peat (high-moor peat fraction 6-15 mm), perlite or vermiculite (up to 10% of the substrate volume), sand (10–15%), compost or humus to improve structure and provide organic matter (20–30%).
* Applying lime materials. To adjust acidity, dolomite flour is applied at 3–5 kg/m³ of soil or limestone flour at a rate of 2.5–4 kg/m³.
* Applying mineral fertilizers. For providing nutrition to seedlings at the initial stage, mineral fertilizers are applied. A typical mix per 1 m³ of soil: ammonium nitrate 0.7-1.3 kg, double superphosphate 2.5-4.0 kg, potassium sulfate 1.0-1.5 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3 kg, manganese sulfate 2.5 g, copper sulfate 3 g, zinc sulfate 1 g, iron sulfate 15, iron citrate 2.5 g, ammonium molybdate 3 g, boric acid 2 g.
* Sowing seeds. Seeds are sown at a depth of about 0.5-1 cm. The seeds are then covered with a thin layer of light, porous material (perlite, peat, vermiculite). After sowing, the soil is moistened and placed in a germination chamber or covered with non-woven material.

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2. Lowering temperature after germination

Длительность этапа:5 дней

* Lowering temperature. After the emergence of seedlings, the film is removed and the temperature is lowered for 3-5 days to ensure active root development and avoid seedlings stretching.
* Supplementing seedlings with light. For the first 2-3 days, plants are illuminated continuously, then gradually decrease this time to 18-16 hours per day. The lighting intensity is 240 W/m².

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3. Transplanting and caring for seedlings

Длительность этапа:45 дней

* Watering. Water moderately, with an interval of 2 to 5 days. Watering should be stopped at least a day before transplanting seedlings into the permanent place.
* Transplanting. Transplanting is done 10-15 days after sowing when 1-2 true leaves appear on the seedlings. Plants are transplanted into pots with peat mixture while discarding weak plants. The optimal pot size for seedlings is 0.5-1.0 L. After transplanting, the lighting intensity should be 120-240 W/m².
* Applying fertilizers. After transplanting, fertilizer application is recommended with each watering. A typical nutrient solution (for 1000 l): calcium nitrate 500-900 g, monopotassium phosphate 200-400 g, potassium nitrate 200-600 g, magnesium nitrate 300-500 g, magnesium sulfate 200-400 g, chelated iron 15 g, boric acid 2 g, manganese sulfate 1.5 g, zinc sulfate 1 g.
* Arranging seedlings. After 18-20 days after transplanting, seedlings are arranged to achieve optimal lighting. The density for 5-week-old seedlings is 20 plants/m², for 6-week-old - 16 plants/m², and for 7-week-old - 14 plants/m². The lighting intensity is 100-120 W/m².

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4. Transplanting seedlings into the greenhouse and rooting

Длительность этапа:10 дней

* Preparing and disinfecting the soil. The soil is treated with a solution of bioprotectant 3–5 days before transplanting seedlings. Biological protection agents include Trichoderma, Bacillus subtilis preparations, and others that enrich soil microflora and block harmful pathogens.
* Transplanting seedlings. The sowing of tomato seedlings in the greenhouse is carried out when the plants are 45-50 days old. There must be 9-10 leaves under the first flower cluster, the cluster should be of correct shape with a short peduncle, and the internodes should be 5-7 cm long. The root system should be white and wrap around the pot, and the substrate should not crumble upon extraction. The distance between plants in the row is 40-45 cm, and between rows – 80 cm. In paired rows: in the row 40-45 cm, between two rows - 60 cm, between paired rows - 110 cm. The seedlings are planted in a checkerboard pattern. The optimal planting density is 2.2-3.0 plants/m².
* Tying. After 2-3 days post-transplanting, seedlings are tied to supports.
* Watering. Watering is done regularly, avoiding excessive moisture.
* Plant formation. Indeterminate varieties are formed into one stem. For this, removal of side shoots (pinching) is carried out twice a week when they reach 2-5 cm (no more than 5-7 cm). Pinching is usually performed in the morning, and side shoots are removed at the base. Twisting the tops of the plants is best done in the second half of the day when the plants lose turgor, reducing the risk of breakage.
* Applying fertilizers. After transplanting, plants are watered with a nutrient solution. A typical nutrient solution (per 1000 l): magnesium nitrate 0.5 kg, ammonium nitrate 1.0 kg, monopotassium phosphate 1.5 kg and a complex of microelements.

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5. Flowering, fruit set, and ripening

Длительность этапа:50 дней

* Watering. Watering is done regularly, avoiding excessive moisture.
* Applying fertilizers. At the same time as watering, 2-4 times a week. A typical nutrient solution (for 1000 l): calcium nitrate 0.7-1.2 kg, potassium nitrate 0.4-0.6 kg, ammonium nitrate 0.1 kg, monopotassium phosphate 0.2-0.3 kg, potassium sulfate 0.1-0.2 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3-0.6 kg, chelated iron 20 g, boric acid 10 g, manganese sulfate 5 g, zinc sulfate 5 g, ammonium molybdate 1 g.
* Plant formation. Twice a week, side shoots are removed, leaves are removed, and tops are twisted. The plant can leave from 13 to 18 leaves in spring and 18-20 in summer. No more than 2-3 leaves should be removed in one go. Leaves must be completely removed, leaving no “stumps” on the plant.
* Foliar feeding. Foliar feeding with magnesium sulfate (1.5–2 g/L). To prevent the occurrence of blossom end rot on fruits, foliar feedings with calcium nitrate (10-20 g/L water) are used.
* Installing sticky traps. Traps with yellow, blue, and black surfaces coated with special entomological glue are used. Replacement of traps is done as needed (once every 5-8 weeks).

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6. Fruiting

Длительность этапа:60 дней

* Watering. Watering must be uniform, to prevent cracking of fruits.
* Applying fertilizers. At the same time as watering, 2-4 times a week. A typical nutrient solution (for 1000 l): calcium nitrate 0.7-1.0 kg, potassium nitrate 0.3-0.4 kg, ammonium nitrate 0.1 kg, monopotassium phosphate 0.2-0.3 kg, potassium sulfate 0.2-0.3 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.3-0.6 kg, chelated iron 20 g, boric acid 10 g, manganese sulfate 5 g, zinc sulfate 5 g, ammonium molybdate 1 g.
* Topping. Pinch the tops of tomatoes 40-50 days before ending the crop. There should be 2 leaves remaining above the upper cluster to maintain sap flow upwards.
* Plant formation. Twice a week, side shoots are removed, leaves are removed, and tops are twisted.
* Harvesting fruits. Fruits are harvested at the blush stage to improve conditions for the formation and ripening of remaining fruits. Tomato harvesting is done regularly (3-4 times a week) to prevent over-ripening and stimulate the formation of new buds.

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7. Preparing the greenhouse for a new turnover

Длительность этапа:14 дней

* Cleaning the greenhouse. Removal of all plant residues (leaves, stems, roots) to prevent the spread of diseases.
* Disinfection of the greenhouse. Disinfecting greenhouse surfaces using safe disinfectant solutions aimed at killing pathogens and pests.
* Cleaning and disinfecting equipment. Washing and disinfecting all tools, shelves, containers, and equipment used in cultivation.
* Checking and adjusting the heating and ventilation system.
* Inspecting and servicing the lighting system.
* Inspecting drippers and irrigation systems. Cleaning water supply systems, drippers, and hoses to prevent clogs and infections.
* Preparing and disinfecting the soil. Sterilization (steaming or chemical treatment) is carried out to destroy pathogens and pests.
* Applying lime materials. Lime materials such as ground limestone (calcite), dolomite flour (especially if magnesium is needed), chalk or hydrated lime are used to increase pH. The main materials for soil acidification include elemental sulfur, ammonium sulfate and iron sulfate.

8. Storage after harvest

Длительность этапа:14 дней

Tomatoes should be stored in a cool place with good ventilation. The optimal temperature for storage is from +10°C to +13°C.

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