Технологическая карта выращивания strawberry в грунте

1. Preparing and planting seedlings

Длительность этапа:10 дней

* Primary soil cultivation. 2-3 weeks before planting, plowing is carried out to a depth of 25-30 cm. The soil for strawberry cultivation should be loose and permeable to air. It is important to avoid heavy clay soils that poorly allow water and air penetration and are prone to waterlogging.
* Applying organic fertilizers. The introduction of organic materials (compost, well-decomposed manure) improves soil structure, increases its moisture capacity, and enriches it with nutrients. The organic application rate is 6–10 kg of compost or well-decomposed manure per 1 m².
* Applying mineral fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate is used as the nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 40–50 g/m². It is important not to exceed the nitrogen dosage to avoid excessive green growth at the expense of yield. Ammophos or diammonium phosphate is applied at a rate of 50–60 g/m². Phosphorus is poorly mobile in the soil, so it is applied locally closer to the root zone. To replenish potassium in the soil, potassium sulfate is used at a rate of 60–70 g/m² since potassium chloride can be toxic to strawberries. If the analysis shows that the soil pH is below 5.5 (increased acidity), liming is carried out. Liming is best done several months before planting to complete the neutralization process. After applying fertilizers, the soil is loosened to a depth of 10-15 cm.
* Marking and forming beds. Bed width is 55-60 cm, height is 25-30 cm. The width of the aisles is 55-70 cm.
* Covering the beds with protective material. Black mulch film is used for covering.
* Installing drip tape. Drip tape is laid in two rows in the center, with a distance of about 16 cm, with a step of 10 cm.
* Preparing and disinfecting the soil. The soil is irrigated with a biological fungicide solution 3-5 days before planting the seedlings. Biological protection agents include Trichoderma, Bacillus subtilis products, and others that enrich beneficial soil microflora and block harmful pathogens.
* Preparing planting material. 1-2 days before planting, seedlings are taken out of cold storage and stored at a temperature of 0–5 °C or soaked in water for 3-4 hours.
* Planting seedlings. After preparing the seedlings, roots are pruned if necessary to 10-12 cm, spread out and planted in beds. Two-row planting method, spacing in the row of 30-35 cm, and width of aisles of 80-90 cm. When planting, the seedling is placed vertically in the hole, ensuring the tip of the roots does not curl and at such depth that the rosette is not covered.

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2. Rooting

Длительность этапа:14 дней

* Watering. Solution is supplied through drip irrigation.
* Applying biopesticides. To prevent root rot, after planting and then every 25-30 days, preparations based on Bacillus subtilis are applied at the root with drip irrigation.
* Applying mineral fertilizers. 7 days after planting, a solution of monoammonium phosphate is applied simultaneously with watering at the rate of 1.0-1.5 kg/m³. 10 days after planting and then weekly, calcium nitrate is added simultaneously with irrigation at the rate of 1.5-2 kg/m³.
* Monitoring and applying pesticides. Combining chemical and biological protection methods reduces pests' and pathogens' resistance.
* Plant formation. At the beginning of cultivation, stolons and the first flower shoots of NDS varieties are removed so that plants direct their energy to rooting and the development of vegetative mass.

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3. Vegetative growth

Длительность этапа:30 дней

* Watering. Solution is supplied through drip irrigation.
* Applying mineral fertilizers. Simultaneously with irrigation (weekly) calcium nitrate at a rate of 1.5-2 kg/m³, every 2-3 weeks magnesium sulfate at a rate of 1-2 kg/m³.
* Treating with biopesticides. To prevent powdery mildew, gray mold, and spots, spraying with preparations based on Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis is done every 25-30 days.
* Plant formation. Removal of runners and damaged leaves.
* Monitoring and applying pesticides. Combining chemical and biological protection methods reduces pests' and pathogens' resistance.
* Foliar feeding. Spraying the leaves with boric acid at a concentration of 0.05-0.1% before flowering begins.

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4. Flowering

Длительность этапа:20 дней

* Pollination. To improve pollination, bumblebees are best used. It is important to maintain optimal temperature (not above 25°C) and humidity (not above 70%), as deviations can lead to violations in the pollination process and fruit deformation.
* Watering. Solution is supplied through drip irrigation.
* Applying mineral fertilizers. Simultaneously with irrigation (weekly) potassium nitrate at a rate of 2-3 kg/m³.
* Plant formation. Removal of runners, old and damaged leaves.
* Monitoring and applying pesticides. Combining chemical and biological protection methods reduces pests' and pathogens' resistance.
* Foliar feeding. Spraying the leaves with boric acid at a concentration of 0.05-0.1% before flowering begins.

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5. Fruit-bearing and harvesting

Длительность этапа:120 дней

* Watering. Solution is supplied through drip irrigation.
* Harvesting. Harvesting should be done in the morning after the dew has dried when the air temperature has not yet reached peak levels. The popular container for harvesting is baskets or special small boxes with ventilation holes. Remontant strawberries bear fruit in several waves – up to 4 harvests in a season. The break between waves of fruiting is 2-3 weeks.
* Applying mineral fertilizers. Simultaneously with watering (weekly) potassium sulfate at a rate of 2-3 kg/m³. During flowering (weekly), potassium nitrate is applied at a rate of 2-3 kg/m³.
* Foliar feeding. Spraying the leaves with boric acid at a concentration of 0.05-0.1% before flowering begins.
* Plant formation. Removal of runners, old and damaged leaves.
* Monitoring and applying pesticides. Combining chemical and biological protection methods reduces pests' and pathogens' resistance.

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6. Preparing the greenhouse for a new growing cycle

Длительность этапа:14 дней

* Cleaning the greenhouse. Removal of all plant residues to prevent the spread of diseases.
* Disinfection of the greenhouse. Disinfection of greenhouse surfaces using safe disinfectant solutions aimed at destroying pathogens and pests.
* Cleaning and disinfecting equipment. Washing and disinfecting all tools, shelves, containers, and equipment used in cultivation.
* Checking and adjusting the heating and ventilation systems.
* Checking and maintaining the lighting system.
* Checking drip irrigation and irrigation systems. Cleaning water supply systems, drip hoses, and tubes to prevent clogs and infections.
* Preparing and disinfecting the soil. Sterilization (steaming or chemical treatment) is performed to destroy pathogens and pests.
* Applying lime materials. Lime materials such as ground limestone (calcite), dolomite flour, chalk, or hydrated lime are used to raise pH. Basic materials for acidifying the soil include elemental sulfur, ammonium sulfate, and iron sulfate.

7. Storage after harvesting

Длительность этапа:10 дней

The optimal storage temperature is 0–2 °C. At this temperature, the metabolic processes of the berries slow down, helping to keep freshness for 7-10 days.

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